Outing Report - Moths at Frenches Creek, 17 November 2018

Threatening clouds over Mt French

Like last year's outing which couldn't go ahead because of rain, wet weather was again forecast. However 17 enthusiastic amateur lepidopterists arrived, plus our moth specialists, so everything was go, go, go.

First we took a stroll through the paddocks. Intermittent showers sent some scurrying back to the shelter of the deck. Meanwhile the stalwart ones had some good birding including great views of the startlingly coloured male Red-backed Fairy-wren as they crossed the creek which winds through the property. 

FFNC members engrossed in the moths

A deep discussion
on where to set up the sheet

After a very social tea on the deck the white sheet was set up and the real business of the outing got underway. The bright lights in the warm, humid weather attracted plenty of insects to study. Cameras and phones came out to capture the moment. 

              

Some really striking moths came to the sheet. The variety of sizes was amazing, and not everything was a moth. A complete list of the species that were identified will be added at a later date. Meanwhile enjoy the following images.

The beautiful Donuca rubropicta

The green Parotis marginate, smaller moth to be identified

Shining in the dark

What a pretty little thing

Cleora displicata possibly

A wide range of sizes

Large moth - probably Grammodes justa, other moths to be identified

Photographers:  L. Beaton, N. Crepin, W. Dunn 

Birds: Spotted Dove, Crested Pigeon, Peaceful Dove, Bar-shouldered Dove, Straw-necked Ibis, Masked Lapwing, Galah, Rainbow Lorikeet, Scaly-breasted Lorikeet, Australian King-Parrot, Pale-headed Rosella, Pheasant Coucal, Eastern Koel, Channel-billed Cuckoo, Little Bronze-Cuckoo, Sacred Kingfisher, Superb Fairy-wren, Red-backed Fairy-wren, White-throated Gerygone, Eastern Spinebill, Noisy Miner, Brown Honeyeater, White-throated Honeyeater, Blue-faced Honeyeater, Little Friarbird, Striped Honeyeater, Grey-crowned Babbler, Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike, White-winged Triller, Rufous Whistler, Grey Shrike-thrush, Australasian Figbird, Grey Butcherbird, Australian Magpie, Spangled Drongo, Willie Wagtail, Torresian Crow, Magpie-lark, Golden-headed Cisticola, Tawny Grassbird, Silvereye, Welcome Swallow, Fairy Martin, Mistletoebird, Double-barred Finch, House Sparrow.

Butterflies: Wanderer (Danaus plexippus)

Mistletoe on mistletoe on a bottlebrush

A magnificent Ancient
on our walk through the paddocks

Mantid Lacewing
- possibly Austromantispa imbecilla

January Outing - Early morning bird walk at Cunningham's Gap

Saturday, 19th January 2019

Christmas Orchids (Calanthe australasica)
Cunningham's Gap (Box Forest Track), 4 January 2019 
Photo: A. Podlich

We are always looking for a cool venue for our early morning walk in January so we have again chosen the cooler climes of Cunningham’s Gap where we can usually record a good number of birds in the variety of habitats available there as well as being able to observe the flora, fungi and other creatures.

Time: 6 am for a 6.30 am walk start.

Where: Car park at the crest of Cunningham’s Gap

Activities: From the car park we will check out the rainforest circuit first. This is an easy and pleasant circuit walk. At our leisurely pace, we should complete this part of the walk by 8 am. We will then drive to the picnic area at the bottom, for a cuppa or breakfast (if you desire), and more bird watching here. After the cuppa, we will continue with a walk over the creek and along the track back towards the top. This is different habitat again so we should be able to find different birds as well. We will only walk a short section of this track before returning to the picnic area. The Christmas Orchids (Calanthe australasica) may still be in flower and frog spotting could be successful at the creek.

Level of Fitness: As easy as you like.

Facilities: Toilets at The Crest car park and the West Gap Creek Picnic Area

What to Bring: Your breakfast, morning tea and lunch (depending on how long you want to stay). Carry water on your walks but we will return to the cars for cuppas and food. Don’t forget the cameras, binos, reference books, hats, sunscreen etc. and chairs.

Upon Arrival: Please register in the Attendance Book and pay your $2 per person participant fee. 

Christmas Orchid close-up
Photo: A.Podlich

Ringed Xenica

The Ringed Xenica (Geitoneura acantha) flies from November to March and it can be seen at Mt French right now being in the north of their range. The host plants for their caterpillars are the native grasses, such as Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra). The Museum of Victoria says they hide in the grass during the day and emerge at night to feed.

This lovely specimen was taken by one of our members, A. Podlich, at Mt French.

Ringed Xenica (Geitoneura acantha)

November Outing - Moth evening at Frenches Creek

Wattle Bizarre Looper (Anisozyga pieroides)

We got rained out last year so let’s try again.  Just after dark we hope to attract a lot of moths to a white sheet in front of a bright light.  They can then be photographed, identified (the common ones anyway) and released.  We may keep the unusual ones for further identification later.  

This is an introduction to the world of moths. There are many thousands of species and they do valuable pollination (as well as lots of damage to plants by their larvae).  They underpin most of our ecosystems as many mammals, birds and other invertebrates eat both the adults and larvae.

Wes Jenkinson from Beaudesert will ease us into this hidden world.

Time: 3 pm. We may finish up around 8:30pm-ish.

Where: Frenches Creek. 

Directions: This is on private property so if you wish to join us, please send an email and we'll reply with the directions.

Activities: This is a beginner’s activity.  It is suitable for everybody – not much walking. Come for an afternoon walk around the property (not far), along with setting up a white sheet and spotlights. If it rains we will have a drink on the deck, like last year. If it doesn't rain you can socialize while waiting for the moths to arrive.

Dot Underwing Moth (Eudocima materna)

Level of Fitness: Easy: do as much or as little as you want. 

What to Bring: We will have early dinner so bring lots of food and drink, table and chairs, and napkins (starched, of course, in silver rings).  For the moth show bring jacket, insect repellent and torches/lights.  Bring a camera and any moth books you may have laying around.

Upon Arrival: Please register in the Attendance Book and pay your $2 per person participant fee. 

Outing Report - Aloomba Lavender Farm Camp, Liston NSW, 19-22 October 2018

Fassifern Field Naturalist members at Undercliffe Falls, Liston NSW

Girraween's loss was Bookookoorara Creek's gain. Or it was the gain for the Fassifern Field Nats. Originally we were going to have our October camp at Girraween National Park but due to the dry conditions and consequent water shortages, the campground was closed. Never daunted, our fearless leader, Wendy, transferred to the Aloomba Lavender Farm at Liston only 20 kilometres from Stanthorpe. The weather forecast was ominous and though there was some fierce storms about our four days were not marred by rain.

Day 1: was a time for setting up camp and familiarising ourselves with our surroundings.
Day 2: heralded fine weather so we set off for Undercliffe Falls a quarter of an hour away. The storms from the previous days meant that there was plenty of water cascading over the rocks though we only had glimpses of the 150 metre waterfall through the trees. Everyone felt the scramble to the bottom of the falls was just a bit too slippery.

Bookookoorara Creek above the falls had plenty to occupy us. Wildflowers were in bloom, insects on the plants, frogs' spawn and tadpoles were in the quiet pools, the geology was fascinating and everywhere was lichen starting to expand with the welcome rain.

Leaf Beetles, Lamprolina aeneipennis (perhaps?) 

at Undercliffe Falls

Another view of the Leaf Beetles

The 150 m drop of Undercliffe Falls

It was back to camp for lunch and then Peter Bonner (our host) took us to another block of their property called The Glen. We drove through cattle paddocks until we came to a small creek. Here we explored the small spring-fed creek with amazing rock formations which sheltered ferns, staghorns and orchids. We could only imagine how cool and lush this would be in wetter times. 

Rock formations at The Glen

Tongue Orchid, Dockrillia linguiformis

Pineapple Orchid, Bulbophyllum elisae

Wheat-leaved Orchid, Bulbophyllum shepherdii

Day 3: for some it was packing up, while others went on a morning jaunt to Storm King Dam amd Dr Roberts' Waterhole.

Aub and Linda moth hunting at Storm King Dam

Willow-herb Day-moth, Phalaenoides tristifica

Dr Roberts' Waterhole

Narrow-leaved Grevillea, Grevillea viridiflava

Day 4: four members went back to The Glen to explore a little further. Then it was time to pack up and leave. What an absorbing and sociable camp. Thanks, Wendy.

Another shot of the falls

Aloomba Farm camping area and surrounds. Bird list 19/20/21 October 2018

Birds: Australian Wood Duck, Pacific Black Duck, Crested Pigeon, Tawny Frog mouth, Straw-necked Ibis (40), Masked Lapwing, Galah, Musk Lorikeet, Little Lorikeet, Australian King Parrot, Red-winged Parrot, Crimson Rosella, Eastern Rosella, Red-rumped Parrot, Channel-billed Cuckoo, Southern Boobook, Laughing Kookaburra, White-throated Treecreeper, Satin Bower bird, Superb Fairy-wren, White-throated Gerygone, Buff-rumped Thornbill, Spotted Pardalote, Eastern Spinebill, Yellow-faced Honeyeater, Noisy Miner, Red Wattlebird, White-naped Honeyeater, Black-chinned Honeyeater, Blue-faced Honeyeater, Noisy Friarbird, White-winged Triller, Varied Triller, Rufous Whistler, Grey Shrike-thrush, Grey Butcherbird, Pied Butcherbird, Australian Magpie (12), Pied Currawong, Grey Fantail, Willie Wagtail, Torresian Crow, Leaden Flycatcher, Magpie-lark, White-winged Chough, Welcome Swallow.
Other Animals: Echidna, Copper-tailed Skink (Ctenotus taeniolatus), Blue Tongue Skink (Tiliqua scincoides), Rabbit, Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog or Sedge Frog (Litoria fallax).

On road side between Aloomba and The Glen (part of the property)
Pheasant Coucal, Turtle, Painted Lady, Orange Ringlet.

The Glen: 
Birds: Australian Wood Duck, Pacific Black Duck, Grey Teal, Straw necked Ibis, Wedge-tailed Eagle (eating a rabbit), Whistling Kite, Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Galah, Brush Cuckoo, Laughing Kookaburra, Dollarbird, White-throated Tree-creeper, White-throated Gerygone, Striated Thornbill, Yellow-rumped Thornbill, Spotted Pardalote, Eastern Spinebill, Yellow-faced Honeyeater, Noisy Miner, Red Wattlebird, Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike, White-winged Triller, Grey Shrike-thrush, Pied Currawong, Pied Butcherbird, Australian Magpie, White-winged Chough, Dollar bird, Spangled Drongo, Grey Fantail, Willie Wagtail, Australian Raven, Torresian Crow, Leaden Flycatcher, Black-faced Monarch, Jacky Winter, Silvereye, Welcome Swallow.
Reptiles: Red-bellied Black Snake, Eastern Water Dragon, Frogs (not identified).
Butterflies: Orchard Swallowtail, Common Grass Blue, Meadow Argus, Wanderer (Monarch). 
Dragonflies: Graphic Flutterer. 
Mammals: Rabbits. 
Of interest: Many different types of lichen on the rocks. Owl pellets, Koala scats. Tongue Orchid in flower, Wheat-leaved Orchid and others mentioned in the separate article.

Undercliffe Falls via Liston
Birds: Straw-necked Ibis, Wedge-tailed Eagle, King Parrot, Crimson Rosella, Fan-tailed Cuckoo, Laughing Kookaburra, White-throated Tree-creeper, Superb Fairy-wren, White-throated Gerygone, Striated Thornbill (breeding), Brown Thornbill, White-browed Scrubwren, Spotted Pardalote, Eastern Spinebill, Lewin’s Honeyeater, Yellow-faced Honeyeater, Noisy Miner, New Holland Honeyeater, Golden Whistler, Rufous Whistler, Grey Shrike-thrush, Pied Currawong, Pied Butcherbird, Australian Magpie,  Grey Fantail, Torresian Crow, Leaden Flycatcher, Black-faced Monarch, Magpie-lark, Mistletoebird, Red-browed Finch.
Reptiles: Eastern Water Dragon, Garden Skink, Turtle, Blue tongue Skink, Unknown rough skinned Skink.
Mammals: Red-necked Wallaby.
Butterflies: Meadow Argus, Glasswing, Yellow Spot Blue, Bright Copper, Orchard Swallowtail, Wanderer, Common Brown, Grey Ringlet.

Storm King Dam
Birds: Pacific Black Duck, Grey Teal, Hardhead, Australasian Grebe, Peaceful Dove, Common Bronzewing, Great Cormorant, Little Black Cormorant, Little Pied Cormorant, Australian Pelican, Great Egret, Intermediate Egret, White-faced Heron, Australian White Ibis, Royal Spoonbill, Yellow-billed Spoonbill, Purple Swamphen,  Black-winged Stilt, Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo, Laughing Kookaburra, Sacred Kingfisher, Noisy Miner, Grey Shrike-thrush, Dusky Woodswallow, Pied Currawong, Pied Butcherbird, Australian Magpie, Magpie-lark, Dollarbird, Welcome Swallow, Tree Martin.
Others: Turtle, Willow-herb Day-moth, (Phalaenoides tristifica).

October Camp - Liston NSW, 19/20/21 October 2018

Date: 19/20/21 (22) October 2018

Undercliffe Falls

Where: Aloomba Lavender Farm 5425 Mt Lindesay Rd Liston. 20km east of Stanthorpe, 3.8km from Liston

Directions: From Stanthorpe take the Amosfield Road. In about quarter of an hour you'll reach the junction of the Mt Lindesay Road (Highway), turn left. Drive through Liston to the lavender farm, approximately 3 minutes.

Activities: Explore the property close by the camp. Owner (Peter) to take us to another part of his property. A visit to Undercliff Falls. And of course, sample the lavender scones made by Tere (owner) and check out the gift shop.

Bring: All your own camping needs as usual. You will need to bring water for camping use and drinking water as well. Water is provided for showers and toilets. Don’t forget the insect repellent, torch, camera and all your personal and camping needs.

Camping fees: $15 per night, per couple. $20 per night per couple for powered sites 10v (limited). $5 for each extra person per night.
There is also some B&B accommodation.

Please contact us if you're wishing to join the camp; fassifernfieldnaturalists[at]gmail.com.

Aloomba Lavender Farm link 

Outing Report - Pine Tree Creek Scrub, 15 September 2018

A walk up along a forested gully at Black Rock in September was just a delight. The creek had some water in it even though the rest of the area looked dry. Apparently, the creek never goes dry, and this supports an interesting forest.

Pine Tree Creek

Everwhere was so dry

However there were some lovely waterholes all along the creek bed

The waterholes had plenty of aquatic life including the Slender Yabby (Cherax dispar). Unidentified species also found were shrimp, water boatmen, whirligigs, and skaters.

Slender Yabby (Cherax dispar)

Hunting dragonflies at the dam on the creek

We came to a patch of Dry Vine Scrub with some notable species - Peanut Tree with some old and new fruit pods, a very tall White Tamarind, and a Hairy Bird’s Eye with a few red fruits and a beetle in large numbers, mating on the ground under the tree. 

Soapberry Bug (Leptocoris rufomarginatus or Leptocoris tagalicus) under a Hairy Alectryon (Alectryon tomentosus) or Hairy Bird's Eye tree. Can you find the mating pair in the centre of the photo?

A beautiful Platycerium specimen surviving the drought

A Tick Orchid (Dockrillia linguiformis) in full flower 

A young Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) after which the creek is named

Species list. Pine Tree Creek, Black Rock Rd, Coochin, Qld, 15 September 2018
Birds: Australian Wood Duck, Bar-shouldered Dove, Straw-necked Ibis, Spotted Harrier, Wedge-tailed Eagle, Masked Lapwing, Rainbow Lorikeet, Scaly-breasted Lorikeet, Australian King-Parrot, Shining Bronze-Cuckoo, Fan-tailed Cuckoo, Laughing Kookaburra, Red-backed Fairy-wren, Weebill, White-throated Gerygone, Striated Pardalote, Eastern Spinebill, Lewin's Honeyeater, Yellow-faced Honeyeater, Noisy Miner, Scarlet Honeyeater, Brown Honeyeater, White-throated Honeyeater, Noisy Friarbird, Little Friarbird, Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike, Golden Whistler, Grey Shrike-thrush, Olive-backed Oriole, Grey Butcherbird, Pied Butcherbird, Australian Magpie, Pied Currawong, Willie Wagtail, Torresian Crow, Leaden Flycatcher, Silvereye, Welcome Swallow, Mistletoebird.

Mammals: Eastern Grey Kangaroo, Dingo/Feral Dog (scats only).

Butterflies: Orchard Swallowtail, Lemon Migrant, Yellow Migrant, Common Albatross, Wanderer, Lesser Wanderer, Common Crow, Evening Brown.

Dragonflies: Blue Skimmer, Common Glider, Wandering Percher.

Other Invertebrates: Soapberry Bug (Leptocoris rufomarginatus or Leptocoris tagalicus) on and under Hairy Alectryon (Alectryon tomentosus) tree. Slender Yabby (Cherax dispar). Shrimps - unknown species. Different types of water beetles and bugs; skaters, boatmen and whirligigs. Mud Dauber and Potter wasps – nests of several different species.

Amphibians: Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog (calling from a little side gully filled with sedges.)

Reptiles: Lace Monitor (dead), Garden Skink
.
Some of the plants noticed on the way: Maidenhair (Adiantum sp.), Hairy Alectryon or Hairy Birds Eye (Alectryon tomentosus), Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), Slender Tick -trefoil (Desmodium gunnii), Tick Orchid (Dockrillia linguiformis), White Tamarind (Elattostachys xylocarpa), Bats Wing Coral Tree (Erythrina numerosa), Blue Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), Rock Fig (Ficus macrophylla), Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus), Red Kamala (Mallotus philippensis), Snowwood (Pararchidendron pruinosum), Elkhorn (Platycerium bifurcatum), Billy Buttons (Pycnosorus globosus), Peanut Tree (Sterculia quadrifida).

September Outing - Pine Tree Creek at Black Rock

Black Rock Creek area

Time: 8:30 am, Saturday 15th September (Yes, it has come around quickly. It only seems like yesterday we were down the coast.)

Where: Meet at the end of Black Rock Road (only a bit over 1 km down the road), through the last gate and near some yards. We may drive a bit closer but will car share from here.

Directions: Go south out of Boonah on the Boonah Rathdowney Road until you come to Coochin.  Past Ganthorpe Road on the right, then down the hill and over Black Rock Creek, then left into Black Rock Road. If you see the entrance to Coochin Coochin property, then you have gone too far.

Activities: Join in a walk and ramble along Pine Tree Creek on Deb Stenzel’s place at Black Rock. The walking should be easy and not too far. Lots of plants and birds and rocks and things (on a horse with no name). Promises to be a very interesting trip as we have been nearby many times but never stopped for a look. Errol and Deb have found a wide variety of plants here. There are also some cliffs nearby to explore. Black Rock Scrub and Nesters Mountain are also nearby.

So come and enjoy a warm Spring day with lots on offer.

Bring – Morning Tea and Lunch.  Put morning tea in a back pack so we don’t have to go back to the cars for a cuppa.  It won’t be far anyway.  Bring binoculars, cameras, water, and sunscreen, etc.  Butterfly net?  Field Guide to Fossils?  Magnifying Glass?

Upon Arrival: Please register in the Attendance Book and pay your $2 per person participant fee. 

Outing Report - Pine Ridge Conservation Park, 18 August 2018

Using "Mangroves to Mountains" 
to identify this beautiful shrub

The Fassifern Field Nats don't often head down to the coast so it was an enthusiastic group that met at the Pine Ridge Conservation Park at Runaway Bay. This perfect patch of Wallum is a gem as it is one of the last remnants of natural bushland on the Gold Coast and was gazetted in 1984. How it survived we don't know but we're glad it did.

Before we set out on the walk Peter explained how the sand ridges and swales in the park were formed. Due to the continuing drought the swales weren't swampy but contained a variety of interesting flora nevertheless.

In fact, for such a small park it has a variety of habitats: Eucalypt open forest on sand ridges, Melaleuca tall open forest on sand plains, wet and dry coastal heath on sand plains, Banksia woodland on dunes and sand plains. The first two ecosystems being considered endangered. Also Tiny Wattle (Acacia baueri subsp. Bauera) is considered Vulnerable, Christmas Bells (Blandfordia grandiflora) and Lesser Swamp Orchid (Phaius australis) as Endangered. [Ed. I would love to see the orchid in flower.)]

We were kept busy identifying some of the unfamiliar plant species, listening for bird calls and trying to photograph insects. One animal not often seen by us was a Dark Bar-sided Skink (Concinnia martini) hiding in the crevice of a tree.  

Photographing Flying Duck Orchid (Caleana major)

Flying Duck Orchid
(Caleana major)

Wallum Tea-tree (Leptospermum semibaccatum)

Dusky Coral Pea (Kennedia rubicunda)

Dense heath beside white sand tracks

Wallum Zieria (Zieria laxiflora)

After spending some considerable time in the park we went 3.5 kms down the road to Jabiru Island. No Jabirus were seen but we did have a very convivial lunch in the shade while fending off the marauding magpies. After lunch we followed the path under the main road and enjoyed the short boardwalk in the Phi Hill Environmental Park to the edge of the Coomera River.

We saw an Osprey perched on the mast of one of the sailing boats, and heard the Mangrove Gerygone, and Mangrove Honeyeater.

It was a beautiful day and we all agreed we had a wonderful time on the coast. Thank you Peter and Tricia for organizing the trip.

Boardwalk into the mangroves, Phil Hill Environmental Park

Admiring the ultra-modern Osprey platform

Silver Gulls on the edge of the Coomera River

Photos by Doreen, Lesley and Noela.

Pine Ridge Conservation Park, Hollywell (Runaway Bay) Qld, 18 August 2018

Birds: Spotted Dove, Tawny Frogmouth, Australian White Ibis, Whistling Kite, Rainbow Lorikeet, Laughing Kookaburra, Rainbow Bee-eater, Striated Pardalote, Striated Thornbill, Variegated Fairy-wren, Eastern Spinebill, Noisy Miner, Brown Honeyeater, Noisy Friarbird, Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike, Golden Whistler, Rufous Whistler, Grey Shrike-thrush, Olive-backed Oriole, Grey Butcherbird, Pied Butcherbird, Pied Currawong, Grey Fantail, Willie Wagtail, Torresian Crow, Rose Robin, Eastern Yellow Robin, Silvereye, Welcome Swallow, Mistletoebird.

Butterflies: Orchard Swallowtail, Lemon Migrant, Common Grass-yellow, Small Grass-yellow, Black Jezebel, Wanderer, Evening Brown, Common Eggfly.

Other: Dark Bar-sided Skink (Concinnia martini), Golden Orb-Weaver (Nephila plumipes), Bush Orb Weaver (Plebs eburnus), Potter Wasp (Abispa ephippium).

Some plants noticed on the way – Pixie Caps (Acianthus fornicates), Black Wattle (Acacia concurrens), Prickly Moses (Acacia ulicifolia), Wallum Banksia (Banksia aemula), Coastal Banksia (Banksia integrifolia), Swamp Water Fern (Blechnum indicum), Wallum Boronia (Boronia falcifolia), Flying Duck Orchid (Caleana major), Curly Sedge (Caustis recurvate), Small-leaf Grape (Cissus opaca), Devil's Rice (Conospermum taxifolium), Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia), Dillwynia floribunda, Golden Wedge Pea (Gompholobium virgatum), Dusky Coral Pea (Kennedia rubicunda), Wallum Tea-tree (Leptospermum semibaccatum), Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus), Macaranga (Macaranga tanarius), Forest Quinine (Petalostigma triloculare), Swamp Grasstree (Xanthorrhoea fulva), Forest Grasstree (Xanthorrhoea johnsonii).

Jabiru Island, Gold Coast Qld, 18 August 2018

Birds: Little Black Cormorant, Australian White Ibis, Noisy Miner, Grey Butcherbird, Australian Magpie, Torresian Crow, Welcome Swallow.

Butterflies: Scarlet Jezebel.

Phil Hill Environmental Park, Gold Coast Qld, 18 August 2018

Birds: Eastern Osprey, Caspian Tern, Rainbow Lorikeet, Rainbow Bee-eater, Mangrove Gerygone, Mangrove Honeyeater, Brown Honeyeater,

Some plants noticed on the way – Saltwater Couch (Paspalum vaginatum), Mangrove spp. http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/documents/bf/fs-mangroves.pdf